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As I sit down to write this piece, I notice the fan whirring above and, for the first time, it occurs to me that it runs on an induction motor. So does every other fan in my office and my home. These motors have been around for a long time, not because they’re the best options out there, but because they’re cheap and do the job. BLDC motors have gained a bit of popularity, but are pricier and usually come with an import dependency problem.
Model Name: FNIRSI-1014D
Abstract :
An oscilloscope that retails at INR 13K basically covers all of the hands-on subjects a 4-year engineering syllabus teaches in theory. The only issue is that none of this is practiced. We barely get past MCUs hands-on.
This oscilloscope though has
1. MCU: GD32E230. Well, the pattern is repeating. Any guesses as to which other MCU family this resembles?
2. FPGA: EF2L45LG144 FPGA for heavy-duty processing.
3. SoC: Allwinner F1C100s CPU + RAM + video + audio in one chip
4. Power supply
Check this teardown to get insights into the build, how it all comes together, tool chain for development and what the ballpark cost at 100K volume.
A digital storage oscilloscope (DSO) is a critical instrument used in electronics for analyzing electrical signals over time. Modern oscilloscopes integrate high-speed analog front-ends, digital signal processing hardware, and graphical user interfaces to provide accurate waveform visualization and measurement.
The FNIRSI-1014D is a dual-channel digital storage oscilloscope designed for portable measurement and educational use. It features a 100 MHz bandwidth, a 1 GS/s sampling rate, and dual input channels, allowing simultaneous measurement of two signals. The device integrates multiple embedded subsystems, including an FPGA for high-speed signal processing, an ARM-based system controller, and a microcontroller dedicated to user interface management.
This teardown study aims to analyze the internal structure of the FNIRSI-1014D oscilloscope by physically disassembling the device and examining the internal hardware architecture. The report explores the following aspects:
The analysis helps understand how modern oscilloscopes integrate analog electronics, digital processing, and embedded computing systems to perform high-speed signal measurement.
The FNIRSI-1014D oscilloscope is housed in a plastic enclosure designed for handheld or bench operation. The front panel contains the display, input connectors, and control knobs. The rear panel contains labeling and structural support elements.
The device is designed for ergonomic operation with dedicated controls for waveform scaling, triggering, and signal acquisition.
The device was inspected from multiple orientations to understand its mechanical design.

The FNIRSI-1014D oscilloscope includes several performance parameters that define its signal acquisition capability.
| PARAMETER | SPECIFICATION |
| Model | FNIRSI-1014D |
| Bandwidth | 100 MHz |
| Sampling Rate | 1 GS/s |
| Number of Channels | 2 |
| Input Impedance | 1 MΩ |
| Rise Time | 3 ns |
| Storage Depth | 240 Kbit |
| Sensitivity Range | 50 mV – 500 V |
| Time Base | 50 s – 10 ns |
| Trigger Modes | Single / Normal / Auto |
These specifications determine the oscilloscope's ability to capture fast signals while maintaining accurate timing and voltage measurement.
The oscilloscope uses a multi-layer FR-4 printed circuit board integrating analog, digital, and power subsystems on a single board.
The PCB can be divided into five major subsystems:
The board design includes extensive ground planes, copper pours, and via stitching to reduce electromagnetic interference and maintain signal integrity during high-speed operation.
The input processing block is responsible for receiving external signals and preparing them for digital conversion.
The block consists of:
The front panel includes rotary encoders and buttons, which are read by a GD32E303 microcontroller responsible for interpreting user commands.
The decoded commands are then forwarded to the FPGA and system controller.

This architecture allows the oscilloscope to respond quickly to user commands while maintaining high-speed signal acquisition.
The core signal processing engine of the oscilloscope is the ANLOGIC EF2L45 FPGA.
Field Programmable Gate Arrays are widely used in oscilloscopes because they can process signals in parallel hardware logic, enabling extremely high processing speeds.
The FPGA performs several critical operations:
Internal FPGA resources include:

This hardware-level parallel processing enables real-time waveform acquisition.
The Allwinner F1C100s system-on-chip serves as the main system controller.
This processor performs the following functions:
The processor includes several hardware interfaces, such as:

The SoC converts waveform samples received from the FPGA into graphical waveform plots displayed on the LCD screen.
The oscilloscope uses a 7-inch TFT LCD display with a resolution of 800×480 pixels.
The display is composed of several layered optical structures that allow light modulation to form visible images.
The display consists of multiple layers arranged from back to front:

The TFT LCD operates using the principle of polarized light modulation through liquid crystal molecules.

This process converts electrical signals into visible graphical waveforms.
The oscilloscope includes several user interface controls that allow the user to interact with the measurement system.

Power Button
Activates the device and powers the internal electronics.
USB Host Interface
Used for exporting captured waveform images and measurement data.
Vertical Controls
Adjust voltage scaling (V/div) and channel positioning.
Horizontal Controls
Control time base (s/div) and waveform scrolling.
Trigger Controls
Determine the starting point for waveform capture.
Input Ports
BNC connectors provide electrical signal input.
The control knobs use incremental rotary encoders that generate quadrature pulses when rotated.

The complete oscilloscope system integrates multiple hardware subsystems working together.

This architecture separates high-speed hardware processing from user interface control, improving overall performance.
The oscilloscope uses a multiprocessor firmware architecture.
Based on an estimated production volume of 100,000 units, the approximate component cost is:
| COMPONENT | ESTIMATED COST |
| FPGA | ₹950 |
| Soc Processer | ₹270 |
| Microcontroller | ₹140 |
| Power Management | ₹135 |
| PCB | ₹625 |
| External Parts | ₹550 |
| TFT LCD Display | ₹1950 |
Total Estimated Cost: ₹4620 per unit
The teardown analysis of the FNIRSI-1014D oscilloscope reveals a well-integrated embedded measurement system combining analog electronics, digital hardware, and embedded software.
The architecture uses three main processing elements:
This distributed architecture enables the oscilloscope to achieve high sampling rates while maintaining responsive user interaction.
The multi-layer PCB design, controlled impedance routing, and dedicated power regulation ensure stable operation and accurate signal acquisition. The FNIRSI-1014D demonstrates how modern oscilloscopes integrate multiple computing platforms and specialized hardware to deliver high-performance measurement capabilities at relatively low manufacturing cost.
You may reach out to the RedNerds team for custom product development here: http://www.therednerds.com/
An Airtel M2M SIM card is specifically developed for communicating from one machine to another using the cellular networks. The Airtel M2M SIM is designed specifically for IoT and embedded devices that do not require a human operator or user to operate autonomously.
| Feature | Airtel M2M SIM | Regular SIM |
| Primary Use | IoT devices, GPS trackers, automation | Personal voice and data use |
| Number Regulation | DoT-mandated whitelisting (max 4 numbers) | Open communication with all numbers |
| KYC Requirement | Mandatory within 7 days of activation | Required at purchase |
| Management | Remote via Circuit Digest Cloud platform | Via carrier app or store |
| Included Plan | 3-month free plan (GeoLinker bundle) | Varies by plan |
The Airtel SIM Management feature allows you to manage your IoT SIM cards directly from the Circuit Digest Cloud Platform. You can view SIM details, monitor data usage, submit KYC documents, and track device connectivity. To access the Airtel M2M dashboard, log in to your Circuit Digest Cloud Account. Once logged in, you can click on the view button under the GeoLinker section. The Airtel M2M SIM card is a specialised IoT SIM designed for machine-to-machine communication over India's cellular network. This makes it ideal for secure, internet-independent projects such as GPS trackers, remote automation systems, and GSM-based IoT devices. Before you can use the SIM for voice calls, SMS, or data, you need to complete the Airtel M2M SIM activation process through the Circuit Digest Cloud platform.

Once you are in the GeoLinker Dashboard, click on the Airtel IOT SIM, which will redirect you to the Airtel IOT SIM dashboard. This is where you can see all the activated SIM card details. To activate a SIM card, click on the Activate SIM button in the top right corner.

In the activation page, enter the ICCID and your mobile number. The ICCID can be found on the SIM package, mentioned as SIM number, or you can get it from the serial output when you insert the SIM into the GL868_ESP32 with factory firmware. Check the Factory firmware section for more details. If you are using the number from the package, avoid the last alphabet; only the numeric number is needed. Click on send OTP to receive the OTP on your entered mobile number.

Once the OTP is verified, you will be redirected to the KYC submission page.

IMPORTANT: While you can start using the SIM immediately after OTP verification, you must complete the full KYC process within 7 days to avoid deactivation.
For KYC, you can use any of the KYC documents given in the table below. Once the KYC is completed, you can continue using the Airtel IOT M2M SIM card with the GL868_ESP32. If you choose to submit the KYC documents later, you can access the KYC submission page by going to the SIM details page and then clicking on the View KYC button.
| Required Documents | Allowed Documents |
| Identity Proof | - Aadhaar Card - PAN Card - Passport - Driving License - Voter ID |

Enter your mobile number to receive OTP.

Once the OTP is verified, you will be asked to upload your identity proof. Select document type and upload front and back images.

In the next stage, you will have to upload a live selfie.
Note: Your browser will ask for camera permission; please click "Allow" to proceed.

Once the selfie is captured, provide your current residential address, and finally review your details, accept the consent declaration and click on Submit KYC Documents. The KYC verification will be done within 28-48 hours.
TIP: You have a 7-day window from the initial activation to submit these documents. We recommend doing it immediately to ensure uninterrupted service. "Allow" to proceed.
In the SIM card details page, you can see all the details related to your Airtel IOT M2M SIM card, like whether it's active or not, KYC status, ICCID and IMSI, start and end dates of your plan and the remaining time until your plan expires.

As per DoT regulations, IoT SIMs are restricted to communicating only with whitelisted numbers. So mobile number whitelisting is required to enable calls to and from the M2M number, as well as to send and receive SMS messages. With an Airtel M2M SIM, you can whitelist up to four numbers. To white list numbers, click on the Manage Whitelisting button on the SIM Card Details page.

In the Whitelisting Management page, enter the number you want to whitelist, select the type (Voice, SMS or Both) and direction(Incoming, Outgoing or Both Ways) and click on Save Changes. The whitelisting will immediately take effect, and you can use the SMS and voice services.
Note: The Airtel IoT SIM card includes a 3-month promotional plan. After the promotional period ends, you can recharge the SIM card from here (link will be updated soon).
| Option | Choices Available |
| Communication Type | Voice / SMS / Both |
| Direction | Incoming / Outgoing / Both Ways |
| Maximum Numbers | Up to 4 mobile numbers |
| Effect | Immediately after Save Changes |
⇥ Where can I find my Airtel M2M SIM card ICCID?
The ICCID is located on the package, with the SIM number listed as the SIM Number. If using GeoLinker GL868, insert the SIM and check the Serial Monitor; factory firmware will show the ICCID automatically when powered on. When you read the ICCID from the package, only enter the numerals and do not include the letter(s) at the end of the number.
⇥ How long does it take for Airtel to verify KYC (Know Your Customer) for M2M SIM Cards?
Airtel will complete verification of your KYC document submission through the Circuit Digest Cloud platform within 48 to 28 hours after submission. You may continue to use the SIM during this time, provided that your KYC document submission occurred within 7 days of the SIM's initial activation.
⇥ What is the maximum number of phone numbers that I can whitelist on the Airtel M2M SIM Card?
Whitelisting for up to 4 mobile numbers is available on your Airtel M2M IoT SIM. By using Whitelisting of each number, you also choose how you want to communicate (Voice, SMS or Both) and which way (Incoming, Outgoing or Both Ways). Whitelisting is effective immediately after you click Save Changes on the Circuit Digest Cloud dashboard.
⇥ Where can I find my Airtel M2M SIM card ICCID?
The ICCID is located on the package, with the SIM number listed as the SIM Number. If using GeoLinker GL868, insert the SIM and check the Serial Monitor; the factory firmware will show ICCID automatically when powered on. When you read the ICCID from the package, only enter the numerals and do not include the letter(s) at the end of the number.
⇥ How long does it take for Airtel to verify KYC (Know Your Customer) for M2M SIM Cards?
Airtel will complete verification of your KYC document submission through the Circuit Digest Cloud platform within 48 to 28 hours after submission. You may continue to use the SIM during this time, provided that your KYC document submission occurred within 7 days of the SIM's initial activation.
⇥ What is the maximum number of phone numbers that I can whitelist on the Airtel M2M SIM Card?
Whitelisting for up to 4 mobile numbers is available on your Airtel M2M IoT SIM. By using Whitelisting of each number, you also choose how you want to communicate (Voice, SMS or Both) and which way (Incoming, Outgoing or Both Ways). Whitelisting is effective immediately after you click Save Changes on the Circuit Digest Cloud dashboard.
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