transistor
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Simple Constant Current Generator using Transistor Many of us who have worked with Analog circuits would have often come across the terms voltage source and current source in a circuit design. While anything that provides a constant voltage like a simple 5V USB output or a 12V adapter can be considered as a voltage source, the term current source always seems to remain a mystery. And many circuits, especially the one… |
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How to build an Analog Mixer - Additive Mixer and Multiplicative Mixer A mixer is a special type of electronic circuit that combines two signals (periodically repeating waveforms). Mixers find a lot of use in audio and RF systems and rarely used as simple analog ‘computers’. There are two types of Analog Audio Mixers - Additive Mixers and Multiplicative Mixers. 1. Additive Mixers Like their name suggests, additive mixers simply add… |
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Designing an AND Gate using Transistors As many of us know, an Integrated Circuit or IC is a combination of many small circuits in a small package which together perform a common task. An Operational Amplifier or 555 Timer IC is built by a combination of many Transistors, Flip-Flops, Logic Gates and other combinational digital circuits. Similarly, a Flip-Flop can be built by using a combination of Logic Gates and… |
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Soft Latch Switch Circuit A latch circuit can ‘hold’ the circuit in either on or off state until any external signal is applied to it. Latch circuit retains its position (either on or off) even after the input signal is removed and can store one bit of information as long as the device is powered. For active high signal, it stores one, and for active low signal, it stores zero. … |
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Capacitor ESR Meter using Oscilloscope Capacitors seem all fine till you get to the point where a power supply fails or refuses to perform optimally. And if the problem is noise, there is a simple fix, you just add more capacitors. But that does not solve it. What could be wrong? The problem arises from the naïve assumption that capacitors (to a large extent) are ‘ideal’ devices, while… |
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4-20mA Current Loop Tester using Op-Amp as Voltage to Current Converter Sensors are an integral part of any measurement system as they help in converting the real world parameters into electronic signals that could be understood by machines. In an industrial environment, the commonly used type of sensors is the Analog Sensor and Digital sensors. Digital sensors communicates with 0’s and 1’s following protocols like USART, I2C, SPI etc. And… |
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Current Regulators: Construction, Working and Design Types Just like situations in which we need to regulate the voltage in our designs, there are scenarios where we need to regulate the current that’s being supplied to a particular part of our circuit. Unlike transforming (changing from one voltage level to another), which is usually one of the major reasons for voltage regulation, current regulation is usually about keeping the… |
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Current Mirror Circuit: Wilson and Widlar Current Mirroring Techniques In the previous article, we discussed about Current Mirror Circuit and how it can be built using a Transistor and a MOSFET. Even though a basic current mirror circuit can be constructed using two simple active components, BJTs and MOSFETs or using an amplifier circuit, the output is not perfect, as well as it has certain limitations and dependencies on the external factors.… |
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RC Phase Shift Oscillator using Op-Amp When an RC phase shift oscillator employs an op-amp in its circuit, it becomes an electronic oscillator with a stable sine wave output. It functions by developing two groups of 180-degree phase shifts, one via the RC network and the other via an op-amp in an inverting circuit. Due to this phase shift arrangement, it produces nearly pure sinusoidal signals with extreme frequency stability and… |
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How to make a Supercapacitor Charger Circuit The term Supercapacitors and its possible usage in Electric Vehicles, Smartphone’s and IoT devices are being considered extensively in the recent times, but the idea of super capacitor itself dates back to 1957 when it was first experimented by General Electric to increase the storage capacity of its capacitors. Over the years Super capacitor technology has improved… |
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Current Mirror Circuit (Part 1): Introduction, Characteristics and Construction The Current Mirror is a widely popular technique for monolithic IC design. In this technique, the circuit is designed in such a way that it copies the current through one active device to another active device with current control feature. In this, the current is flowing through one device can be copied into another device but in inverting form. If the current of the first… |
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Sziklai Transistor Pair Sziklai Transistor Pair was first designed by George Sziklai to overcome some efficiency related issues with Darlington pair, which will be discussed later in this article. It is also known as compound or pseudo-Darlington pair. This transistor pair consists of two bipolar transistor pairs, where one is NPN and another is PNP. The Sziklai pair looks similar to the Darlington… |
